la potenza delle emozioni
Le emozioni sono qualcosa di antico, potente, universale e inafferrabile.
Tu chiamale, se vuoi, emozioni, cantava l’indimenticabile Lucio Battisti nei primissimi anni Settanta ma di che roba è fatta un’emozione?
Oggi sappiamo che si tratta di un complesso sistema di risposte istantanee, in parte innate e in parte acquisite culturalmente, a uno stimolo esterno o interno (per esempio, un ricordo).
Sappiamo che le risposte sono in parte fisiologiche (cuore e respiro che cambiano ritmo, peli che si rizzano, tremore, rossore…) e in parte cognitive: questo riguarda il modo in cui interpretiamo lo stimolo e gli strumenti che abbiamo per farlo. Per esempio, la nostra reazione a un rumore improvviso nella notte cambia molto se sappiamo già di che si tratta o no. E ancora: la nostra risposta emotiva a quella che riteniamo essere una dichiarazione offensiva cambia in relazione al fatto che abbiamo le risorse necessarie per reagire argomentando, o che l’unica cosa che sappiamo fare sia mollare un cazzotto.
E ancora: una parte delle risposte emozionali riguarda i cambiamenti di postura, di voce (risposte espressive) e, infine, il comportamento: per esempio, fight or flight, cioè attacco o fuga.
Sappiamo che le emozioni fanno parte del nostro corredo evolutivo, che hanno funzione adattativa (ci permettono di interagire meglio con l’ambiente) e che sono fondamentali per la sopravvivenza: e poi, diciamolo, una vita del tutto priva di emozioni non sarebbe vita.
Sappiamo che tutto ruota attorno all’amigdala, la parte rettiliana del nostro cervello, e che c’entrano ormoni e neurotrasmettitori come la dopamina, la serotonina, l’ossitocina.
Per esempio l’ossitocina – definita l’”ormone dell’amore e delle coccole”, quello che stimola l’attaccamento tra madri e figli, la generosità e la fiducia e riduce lo stress – è connessa con le relazioni sociali: favorisce il riconoscimento dei volti e potrebbe aiutare a ridurre i disturbi legati all’autismo. Uno spray all’ossitocina potrebbe dunque rendere migliore il mondo? Forse, ma non ne siamo sicuri: possibili effetti negativi sono ancora sotto indagine.
Sappiamo che anche gli animali provano emozioni, e che queste sono – ma solo nei loro tratti fondamentali – transculturali. Sappiamo infine, che le emozioni, anche se condivise nei loro elementi fondamentali, restano risposte soggettive: ciascuno, cioè, si emoziona alla sua maniera, e al medesimo stimolo due diversi individui possono rispondere in modo differente sia per qualità sia per intensità provando, per esempio, una rabbia irrefrenabile o una blanda tristezza. Per questo le emozioni sembrano sfuggire le descrizioni troppo nette e sono così difficili da catalogare e da comunicare.
E poi, quando si tratta delle nostre, ci sembrano sempre più autentiche, più intense, più nobili e giustificabili di quelle degli altri (anche perché, oplà, qualche volta basta cambiargli nome: per esempio, si può chiamare “legittima indignazione” quella che non è altro che rabbia cieca).
Rabbia e paura, gioia e tristezza, sorpresa e attesa, disgusto e accettazione: queste sono, secondo il medico e psicologo Robert Plutchick (e non solo secondo lui) le quattro coppie di emozioni primarie, che possono a loro volta mescolarsi in cocktail di emozioni più complesse, con diversi livelli di intensità. Plutchick ha anche costruito una ruota delle emozioni che ci permette di cogliere le relazioni tra l’una e l’altra: suggestivo, per esempio, il fatto che “amore” faccia capo a un’area che comprende serenità e accettazione, gioia e fiducia, estasi ed ammirazione.
Creatività, apprendimento e sfera emozionale sono connesse? Sì, e da mille fili, alcuni piuttosto aggrovigliati. Per esempio, se è vero che emozioni positive possono accrescere la capacità creativa (c’entra, ancora una volta, l’amigdala), è anche vero che emozioni negative possono essere forti catalizzatori per la creatività.
Anche (ma non solo) per questo conviene saperne di più.
Dunque, prometto di riprendere l’argomento tra qualche giorno. Intanto: quanto frequentate le vostre emozioni? Ce n’è una che percepite come dominante in questo periodo, e qual è?
Annamaria Testa
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